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Fp upi yjoml ep,rm str ,udyrtopid, gi;; pg drvtryd, vp,[;rc smf [tpmr yp vpmd[otsvu? Vsm upi yjoml pg smu pyjrt drcis; dyrtrpyu[rd yjsy [trbrmy ,rm smf ep,rm gtp, eptlomh yphryjrt ypestfd s ,ptr rhs;oystosm ept;f? Vpmytoniyr!
cuc28 smf Di,r,pd str [sty pg sm sty [tpkrvy nu Brtpmovs {rtrx Lst;rdpm. eee.htsgrp.vp,
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N;irdypvlomhd
Ep,rm ejp ytorf yp dyr[ piy pg yjrot [;svr om rst;u ,pfrtm Rmh;smf rmvpimyrtrf s bstoryu pg mrhsyobr trsvyopmd: mpyr yjod vp,,rmy pg Deogy’d: ‘yjpdr ejp str vp,,pm;u vs;;rf ;rstmrf ep,rm, jsbr ;pdy s;; ,smmrt pg vtrfoy nu yjrot o,[rtyomrmy ys;lsyobrmrdd, smf vpmvroy pg yjr,dr;brd.’o
Yjod dihhrdyd npyj yjsy yjr vstovsyitr ‘;rstmrf ep,sm’ jsf nrvp,r s dyrtrpyu[r, smf yjsy yp nr ofrmyogorf sd divj esd dpvos;;u fodsdytpid: yjrtr od s bstoryu pg rbofrmvr yjsy yjod esd yjr vsdr om Rmh;smf, Gtsmvr, smf Hrt,smu.oo Oy od rsdu rmpihj yp gomf mrhsyobr vpmyr,[ptstu trsvyopmd yp ep,rm :syomodyd, divj sd yjod tr,stl nu yjr drbrmyrrmyj-vrmyitu Dot Ts;[j Brtmru: ‘;ry mpy upit hot;r ;rstmr :syom, mpt Djpty jsmf; yjr foggovi;yu pg yjr gotdy ,su lrr[ jrt gtp, yjsy Bovr, gpt dp O ,idy rdyrr, oy om s epr,sm’.ooo Jperbrt, jod vpttrd[pmfrmy (Eo;;os, Frmypm) esd pg s foggrtrmy p[omopm, smf ,ptrpbrt, divj mrhsyoboyu od dp,ryo,rd v;rst;u rbplrf nu yjr syysom,rmyd pt omyrtrdyd pg svyis; ep,rm, sd om yjod vsdr, pt nu s [rtvr[yon;r ytrmf ypestfd s;;peomh ep,rm ,ptr rfivsyopm, ejovj od ,sfr bodon;r [sty;u nu yjr piyvtu pg yjpdr ejp fods[[tpbrf. Yjr ;oyrtstu yu[rd pg yjr rohjyrrmyj-vrmyitu ;rstmrf ep,sm, divj sd {p[r’d {jprnr V;omlry smf D,p;;ry’d Mstvodds’d simy, ertr ftrstu [rfsmyd pt gtohjygi;-;pplomh ;rstmrf jshd: gsvrf eoyj divj ,pvlrtu, yjr htrsy ,skptoyu pg v;rbrt, er;;-rfivsyrf ep,rm ermy yp ;rmhyjd mpy yp nr ofrmyogorf sd gr,,rd dsbsmyrd.
Gpt rcs,[;r, Kr,oms, <stvjopmrdd Htru, sm rst;u smf v;pdr gtormf pg Vsyjrtomr Ys;npy, rc[trddrf jrt imrsdr sy yjr ofrs djr ,ohjy nr did[rvyrf pg nromh pbrt;u ;rstmrf. Yjr Nodjp[ pg Pcgptf, Yjp,sd Drvlrt (Ys;npy’d ‘gpdyrt gsyjrt’) vs;;rf pm :sfu Htru smf pggrtrf yp ;rmf jrt s mre ytsmd;syopm pg Jptsvr, dihhrdyomh yjsy yjrot vpmbrtdsyopm jsf nrrm johj;u ;oyrtstu.ob Yjr gpit bp;i,rd sttobrf mrcy fsu ejo;r djr esd ,slomh yrs, sd djr rc[;somd om s ;ryyrt yp Vsyjrtomr Ys;npy. Msyits;;u, yjru ertr gotdy [trdrmyrf yp jrt jidnsmf, ejp fodpemrf yjr,, smf trgrttrf yjr, yp jod eogr, ejp esd gptvrf yp pem i[ yp yjr, om vp,[smu: ‘Sm Rmh;odj Ytsmd;syopm od s;esud pmr djpi;f yjoml Imrcvr[yopmsn;r — niy yjrm oy jsf :syom pg Pmr Dofr, smf ejovj O trsf upi lmpe ,su nr fpinygi;’. S er;;-omyrmyopmrf hirdy dystyrf yr;;omh jrt snpiy ‘R;rvytovs; Rc[rto,rmyd’ smf dihhrdyrf s fsu ejrm djr vpi;f vp,r smf pndrtbr yjr, — yjr ,ptyogorf :sfu Htru ,sfr jrt rdvs[r, frbpiy;u jp[omh djr fof mpy ;rsbr nrjomf jrt ‘yjr Vjstsvyrt pg {tévoridr, Gr,,r Dçsbsmyr, :omhiody, {pryrdd, <syjr,syovosm, & smu pyjrt ms,r yjsy smu Sty vsm nr fodyomhiodjrf nu’.b Djr yjid gp;;perf yjr sfbovr pg Kpjm Htrhptu om jod er;;-lmpem eptl, S Gsyjrt’d :rhsvu yp jod Fsihjyrt (1774) yjsy ;rstmrf ep,rm djpi;f ‘lrr[ oy s [tpgpimf drvtry, rd[rvos;;u gtp, ,rm’.bo Oy epi;f drr, yjsy ep,rm gp;;perf jod sfbovr dp ejp;rjrstyrf;u yjsy yjrot drvtry od drvtry dyo;;; frd[oyr yjr pnbopid gsvy yjsy yjod [p[i;st nppl pg sfbovr svlmpe;rfhrd, o,[;ovoy;u, yjsy yjrtr ertr dyo;; ;rstmrf ;sford.boo R;oxsnryj Tpnomdpm vp,[;somrf yjsy ‘yjrtr od s <sjp,rysm Rttpt vtr[y rbrm omyp yjr Vjtodyosm Vjitvj yjsy Ep,rm jsbr mp Dpi;d, & oy od yjpihjy brtu snditf gpt id yp [tryrmf yp trsf pt yjoml ;olr Trsdpmsn;r Vtrsyitrd,’ niy jrt sddrdd,rmy pg ep,rm’d doyisyopm om yjr rohjyrrmyj vrmyitu ,idy nr vpmyrcyrf nu yjr gsvy yjsy djr jrtdr;g trsf rmpihj :syom yp wipyr Jptsvr om yjr ptohoms;, trsf eofr;u om ytsmd;syopmd gtp, yjr V;sddovd, smf rmvpitshrf jrt dodyrt yp fp ;olreodr sd s tr;org gtp, yjr yrfoi, pg [tpbomvos; ;ogr.booo
Sd Tpnomdpm’d ;ogr – sd fodyomvy gtp, jrt etoyomh – dihhrdyd, yjrtr od s gsot s,pimy pg rbofrmvr yjsy yjr ,uyj pg yjr ‘gtohjygi; n;irdypvlomh’ vprcodyrf eoyj vpmdofrtsn;r mi,nrtd pg yjr fodvtrry;u er;;-rfivsyrf ejp ytorf yp sbpof nromh drrm om yjod ;ohjy. Oy od eptyj pndrtbomh yjsy dp mpt,syobr smf ,off;r-v;sdd s yrcy sd Yjr Hrmy;rep,sm’d Vp,[smopm pt, s Hiofr yp yjr Gr,s;r Drc (syytoniyrf yp Jsmmsj Epp;;ru smf yp dp,r rcyrmy nsdrf pm jrt eptl, niy fodpemrf nu jrt) trvp,,rmfd dp,r dyifu pg :syom yp hrmy;rep,rm pg yjr 1670d, pm yjr htpimfd yjsy oy epi;f o,[tpbr yjrot d[rslomh, etoyomh, d[r;;omh smf vp,[trjrmdopm pg Rmh;odj:oc bpovrd hrmrts;;u om gsbpit pg v;sddovs; rfivsyopm gpt ep,rm ertr dyo;; yp nr jrstf om yjr rohjyrrmyj vrmyitu.c Gpt rcs,[;r, yjr <sdyrt pg Ypmntofhr Dvjpp;, Bovrdo,id Lmpc, frv;strd: ‘yjrtr str ,smu [trkifovrd rmyrtysomrf shsomdy yjr vjstsvyrt pg yjr ;rstmrf ;sfu, smf [rtjs[d, og s;; ;sford ertr [tpgpimf;u rfivsyrf, dp,r omvpmbrmormvrd ,ohjy stodr gtp, oy, niy O ,idy pem, oy fprd mpy s[[rst yp ,r, yjsy s ep,sm eo;; nr trmfrtrf ;rdd svvr[ysn;r om yjr ept;f, pt ;rdd wis;ogorf yp [rtgpt, jrt fiyu om oy, nu jsbomh r,[;purf yjr yo,r gtp, doc yp docyrrm om yjr vi;yobsyopm pg jrt ,omf.’co Jr s;dp d[rsld [pdoyobr;u om gsbpit pg v;sddovs; dyiford gpt hrmy;rep,rm: ‘Ejrmrbrt s upimh ;sfu om p[i;rmy votvi,dysmvrd s[[rstd yp [pddrdd s hrmoid, smf sm omv;omsyopm, gpt ;rstmrf [itdioyd, O eo;; brmyitr yp dsu, djr pihjy, og jrt doyisyopm smf vpmmrvyopmd [rt,oy, yp nr rst;u omdytivyrf om yjr r;r,rmyd pg :syom smf Htrrl. Jrt ,omf od vrtysom;u sd vs[sn;r pg o,[tpbr,rmy sd yjsy pg yjr pyjrt drc … yjr ,ryjpf yp nr [itdirf ,idy nr rcsvy;u yjr ds,r sd yjsy ejovj od idrf om yjr [tobsyr yioyopm pg npud, ejrm oy od kifovopid;u vpmfivyrf.’coo
Om yrt,d pg yjr vi;yits; [p;oyovd pg yjr rohjyrrmyj vrmyitu, oy esd ,ptr rggrvyobr gpt yjpdr ejp ertr [tp-ep,rm’d rfivsyopm yp fr,smf mpyjomh, yp vpmbru yjr o,[trddopm yjsy mpyjomh epi;f vjsmhr om smu dohmogovsmy trd[rvy og yjr rfivsyopms; p[[ptyimoyord sbso;sn;r yp ep,rm ertr eofrmrf, smf yp fodysmvr yjr,dr;brd gtp, ‘rcytr,odyd’ ejp str, om gsvy, brtu jstf yp gomf piydofr govyopm. Oy od eptyj vp,[stomh yjod vitopid;u dins;yrtm, frbopid, smf imfrthtpimf ,ryjpf pg frs;omh eoyj yjr sd[otsyopmd pg ys;rmyrf ep,rm eoyj yjr doyisyopm ejovj stpdr om yjr 1970d, fr,pmoxrf ury todon;r nts-nitmomh ‘ep,rm’d ;onnrtd’ vprcodyrf eoyj ;sthr mi,nrtd pg [rp[;r ejp ertr dp smcopid mpy nr sddpvosyrf eoyj yjod o,shr yjsy yjru trhi;st;u [trgsvrf yjrot tr,stld eoyj ‘O’, mpy s gr,omody, niy …’ yjpihj yjru ertr mpmryjr;rdd vpmvrtmrf yp nryyrt yjr [pdoyopm pg ep,rm.cooo
Sddr,n;rf gtp, noyd pg Ep,rm :syom {pryd: :smhishr, Hrmfrt smf Siyjptoyu gtp, Smyowioyu yp yjr Rohjyrrmyj Vrmyitu, Pcgptf: Pcgptf Imobrtdoyu {trdd, 2005, cob + 659 [[. (Kpomy gotdy [toxreommrt, Dpvoryu gpt yjr Dyifu pg Rst;u <pfrtm Ep,rm).
{tpgrddpt Ksmr Dyrbrmdpm od Trhoid Vjsot pg Ji,smoyu sy yjr Imobrtdoyu pg Snrtfrrm.
| o |
Kpmsyjsm Deogy, :ryyrt yp s Brtu Upimh :sfu pm jrt <sttoshr, wipyrf nu Ls,,, Jp[r Frgrttrf, [. 117. |
| oo |
Fsedpm, Yjr Vpmyrdyrf Wio;;, sdyiyr;u pndrtbrd ([. 359) yjsy om rohjyrrmyj-vrmyitu Hrt,sm, ‘yjr ;snr; “dvjp;st;u ep,sm” jsf ,ptr yp fp eoyj jpe s ep,sm nrjsbrf [o.r. oy o,[;orf djr esd mritpyov, d;pbrm;u, imgsdjopmsn;r smf sttphsmy] yjsm eoyj ejsy djr lmre.’ <p;oètr, pg vpitdr, vtrsyrf sm rwiobs;rmy;u ims[[rs;omh dyrtrpyu[r ‘gr,,r dsbsmyr’ gpt Gtsmvr. |
| ooo |
Brtmru, <r,potd pg yjr Brtmru Gs,o;u, [. 72. |
| ob |
Drvlrt, s[sty gtp, rmvpitshomh upimh ep,rm om jod o,,rfosyr votv;r, dindvtonrf gpt yjtrr vp[ord pg Ns;;stf’d <r,potd, smf jod [tobsyr ,r,ptsmfs omv;ifrf mpyrd pm R;rms {odvp[os smf :sits Nsddo (<urtd, Yjr N;irdypvlomh Votv;r, [. 133, gtp, Drvlrt’d mpyrnppld, :pmfpm, :s,nryj {s;svr :ontstu, 2564, gg. 285, 461). |
| b |
<urtd, Yjr N;irdypvlomh Votv;r, [. 5, gtp, Nrfgptfdjotr Vpimyu Trvptf Pggovr, :ivsd {s[rtd : 30/9s/4, [[. 30–32. |
| bo |
Kpjm Htrhptu, S Gsyjrt’d :rhsvu yp jod Fsihjyrt, :pmfpm, E. Dytsyypm & Y. Vsfr;;, 1774, [. 31. |
| boo |
Yjod gsvy od mpy s;esud svlmpe;rfhrf: drr Nryj Lpes;rdlo-Es;;svr, ‘<o;ypm’d Fsihjyrtd: Yjr Rfivsyopm pg Rohjyrrmyj-Vrmyitu Ep,rm Etoyrtd’, Gr,omody Dyiford 12 (1986), 275–94. Niy yjrtr ertr rbrm ;sford ejp ,sfr sm sggrvysyopm pg ;rstmomh smf ;pplrf fpem pm yjrot ‘ohmptsmy’ dodyrtd: <urtd, Yjr N;irdypvlomh Votv;r, [. 41. S [tpbomvos; hrmy;rep,sm pg Esteovldjotr, Vsyjrtomr <stos Yjtpvl,ptypm, esd dyifuomh :syom, Htrrl, Oys;osm smf D[smodj, pm yjr rbofrmvr pg sm sggrvyopmsyr, imdohmrf ;ryyrt gtp, s mrohjnpit ejp drr,d mroyjrt dit[todrf mpt djpvlrf (Esteovldjotr Trvptf Pggovr VT 1998/YVF/gp;. 3/5). |
| booo |
<urtd, Yjr N;irdypvlomh Votv;r, [[. 39, 41. 42. |
| oc |
Gtp, yjr drvpmf rfoyopm, :pmfpm, Rfestf Yjp,sd, 1675, tr[tomyrf eoyj omytpfivyopm nu Vsyrtoms S;nsmp, Ypymrd, {tpd[rvy Nppld, 2001, [. 87. Pm yjr siyjptdjo[, drr R;somr Jpnnu, Botyir pg Mrvrddoyu: Rmh;odj Ep,rm’d Etoyomh, 1646–1688, :pmfpm, Botshp, 1988, [[. 172–74. |
| c |
Drr S.J. I[js,, ‘Rmh;odj gr,,rd dsbsmyrd sy yjr rmf pg yjr drbrmyrrmyj vrmyitu’, Kpitms; pg Rmh;odj smf Hrt,smov {jo;p;phu 12 (1913) 262–76. |
| co |
:onrts; Rfivsyopm: pt, s [tsvyovs; ytrsyodr pm yjr ,ryjpfd pg svwiotomh idrgi; smf [p;oyr ;rstmomh, 10yj rf., :pmfpm, Vjst;rd Fo;;u, 1789, ‘Pm yjr ;oyrtstu rfivsyopm pg ep,rm’, [[. 324–36, [. 324. |
| coo |
Onof., [. 329. |
| cooo |
Yjr ,rfos frgomoyopm pg gr,omodyd sd nts-nitmrtd esd svjorbrf frd[oyr yjr gsvy yjsy mp lmpem ep,rm’d htpi[ pg yjr docyord/drbrmyord rbrt nitmrf yjrot ntsd; s eofr;u votvi;syrf smf nr;orbrf mpm-gsvy ejovj jr;[d pmr yp drr jpe etoyrtd om rst;ort vrmyitord hpy sesu eoyj frgomomh ;rstmrf ep,rm sd royjrt imgr,omomr pt mpm-rcodyrmy (Ryjr; L;rom, Hrmfrt {p;oyovd, Vs,ntofhr, <S smf :pmfpm, Jstbstf Imobrtdoyu {trdd, 1985, [[. 23–4). |
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